Floriculture Environmental and Modeling Research1991 Proposal
This proposal is a request for second year funding of a project approved
for the first time in 1988. The research is in two general areas. The projects
under the direction of John Biernbaum are to define the changes in irrigation
and fertilization practices that must be adopted if our industry is to
survive increasing environmental regulations and decreasing water resources.
The objectives are to investigate irrigation and fertilization practices
and scheduling, plant pathogen management with recirculated solutions,
root media water and nutrient efficiency, root media pH control, and to
collect information about water sources and water quality. The projects
under the direction of Royal Heins involve research to increase our understanding
of how temperature and light can be used to regulate plant growth. The
objectives include investigating the control of stem elongation by day
and night temperature, modeling the growth and development of poinsettia,
Easter lily and other plants to temperature and light, and developing grower
management tools for scheduling and planning crops.
The research will have both immediate and long term benefits for the
floral industry. Recommendations will be developed to help operators of
both large and small greenhouses manage both the crop root zone and the
greenhouse atmosphere. The goal is to maximize production efficiency and
product quality while minimizing environmental impacts. Information about
limiting water use and preventing ground water contamination will help
the floral industry as environmental regulations force changes in irrigation
and nutritional programs. Information detailing how temperature can be
used for precise control of plant growth will improve plant quality, allow
reliable production of plants to market specifications and reduce the use
of growth regulating chemicals.
INTRODUCTION
The Seeley Conference held annually at Cornell University is designed
to bring together the floriculture industry and researchers to discuss
pressing issues of the day. Floriculture’s Role in Environmental Stewardship
was the issue for discussion for 1989. There is little doubt that defining
floriculture’s role in environmental stewardship is becoming one of the
industries highest priorities. From the presentations and participation
at the conference, it seems that the industry is finally starting to wake
up to the scale and difficulty of the problem before us.
Our industry has a tradition of beautifying the environment through
flowers. This tradition will be meaningless if a public perception develops
that we are contributing to environmental contamination. The Alar reaction
is a good example of how quickly people will turn on a long standing American
tradition. The much respected apple, the one you give to the teacher, the
one that keeps the doctor away, the one used to make apple pie, suddenly
is a symbol of what people perceive is wrong with agriculture. It does
not matter that Alar may pose a much smaller risk than some natural plant
chemicals we regularly ingest. Public perception dictates market decisions.
We in floriculture must remember that B-Nine and Alar are the same chemical.
The political forces which removed Alar from the market could also eliminate
B-Nine and other growth regulating chemicals from the market.
The greenhouse industry in general is ready to implement economically
sound alternatives that will protect the environment. They are waiting
for direction and evidence that the methods proposed will be viable over
the long term. Fertilization and irrigation methods that will limit fertilizer
runoff, methods to reuse or recirculate water and fertilizer so it does
not enter the environment, and methods to control plant height without
using chemicals must be presented to greenhouse operators around the country
in a format that is easy to understand and implement. This is the goal
of our research program as outlined in this proposal.
BACKGROUND
This proposal is a request for second year funding of a project approved
for the first time in 1988. Our original proposal detailed a research program
that would address the objectives outlined for a minimum of five years.
(We have assumed that copies of last years proposal with the background
and literature review outlining the problems of environmental pollution
and regulation of plant growth are available to the R&D Committee and
Trustees.) This proposal outlines accomplishments during the past year,
current projects and planned projects for the coming year. Similar to last
year, we have outlined a broad, programmatic approach to developing,solutions
for problems facing the greenhouse industry.
CWe have submitted under separate cover to the trustees a notebook containing
publications from the MSU Floriculture Program for the 1988-89 academic
year. The two project leaders together with graduate students had a total
of 5 refereed scientific articles and 33 extension and trade press articles.
In addition 25 scientific presentations and 9 grower presentations at national
meetings were made during the past year. The articles and research reports
should thoroughly summarize our accomplishments for the past year.
OBJECTIVES
The research objectives supported by this project are:
1) to develop basic information on factors influencing the growth of
floriculture crops.
2) to develop information which will have immediate impact at the grower/manager
level of floriculture crop production.
3) to solve problems which are of immediate concern and already exist
in commercial floriculture production.
CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS - DR. BIERNBAUM
Four specific project areas were outlined in the original proposal.
These four have been combined to three and two additional areas have been
added. Research emphasis over the previous two years has been on subirrigation
with recirculated solutions as a method to stop fertilizer runoff from
greenhouses. Despite the many benefits of subirrigation, this technique
is currently a minor part of US production. Increased use of flood benches
will be slow because of the investment costs. In each of the specific project
areas presented there has been a shift over the past year to give equal
or greater emphasis to topwatering systems compared to subirrigation. The
primary goal is to provide greenhouse operators with methods to limit fertilizer
and water runoff and to improve irrigation and fertilization techniques.
1) Irrigation and Fertilization’Practices and Scheduling. C ri ti c
al evaluation of our fertilization techniques is the best approach to limiting
water and fertilizer runoff from greenhouses. Our objective is to take
a quantitative approach to determine how much water and fertilizer is required
to produce a specific crop and to define how that fertilizer should be
applied over the life of the crop.
Our original proposal last year outlined irrigation and fertilization
practices and scheduling and fertilization with subirrigation and recirculated
.solutions as two separate project areas. Based on the subirrigation experiments
completed at that time it seemed that subirrigation might be distinctly
different from traditional top watering since lower levels of fertilizer
application and lower levels of root media soluble salts were necessary.
Based on the past year of work, we now think the same lower levels of fertilization
and root media soluble salt levels can be used with traditional methods.
Research during the current year documented the effect of leaching on
the amount of fertilizer that must be applied to container plants. Poinsettias
were produced with three fertilizer concentrations applied with subirrigation
or topwatering with four different amounts of leaching. When the low fertilization
rate no low leaching was compared to treatments which applied high concentrations
and leaching rates, there was a ten fold difference in the amount of nitrogen
applied and a 40 fold difference in the amount of nitrogen runoff between
leaching treatments, This is a critical indictment of our current fertilization
methods.
The root media EC levels for the poinsettias produced with lower than
standard fertilization rates applied with top watering but little leaching
were consistently lower than recommended levels but quality was good. In
research during the coming year, our findings must be substantiated under
a range of environmental conditions influencing plant growth rate and water
uptake to test how temperature and light relationships influence fertilizer
requirements, One such experiment has been completed comparing topwatering
and subirrigation of bedding plants grown with 4 fertilizer treatments
under 2 light levels.
During the coming year, we must carefully test the relationship between
growth of specific crops and soluble fertilizer (EC) in the root zone.
This may need to be done for each stage of development for a crop. How
to efficiently change the root media EC from one value to another must
also be developed.
This project will be under the direction of both Dr. Biernbaum and Dr.
Heins. Our goal is to take the information collected and develop a narrow
graphical track or target root media EC for a specific crop and set of
conditions. This system could be refined to work for specific growing conditions
and would be the much needed tool to help growers refine and improve irrigation
and fertilization methods.
2) Plant Pathogens in Recirculated Solutions.
Growers have expressed much
concern about pathogen dispersal with recirculated water. A significant
amount of our time has gone into reviewing the literature and developing
a thorough understanding of the factors influencing the development of
disease organisms and their transmittance with recirculated water. In research
during the current year we evaluated the potential for transfer of Pythium
ultimum in a subirrigation system, Based on the results of that test, two
more experiments are currently underway. Our emphasis is on two species
of Pythium since the hydroponics/NFT literature and researchers in West
Germany that we are cooperating with both support a conclusion that Pythium
and Phytophthora will be the two leading pathogens of concern.
Like the irrigation and fertilization phase of the project, our emphasis
was originally on subirrigation with recirculated solutions. The scope
of the project has expanded to include the recirculation of leachate from
top watered plants. We think this will be a greater problem area for pathogen
transmission than subirrigation with recirculated solutions. There are
many different pathogens and crops to study and we do not expect to be
able to come to any broad conclusions based on this research alone. One
of the goals of this phase of the project has been to get pathologists
working with greenhouse crops around the country interested in this research
and that has been happening in the last three months.
3) Root Media Water and Nutrient Efficiency. The objective of this part
of the project is to identify methods of efficiently keeping water and
fertilizer in the growing container. This can be done through root media
selection, the use of wetting agents and possibly water absorbing gels.
All of these methods would be available to every greenhouse operator.
In research during the current year one large factorial experiment investigating
the effect of root media, pot size, wetting agents and irrigation method
was completed. It has provided a basis for further work in the area of
media components increasing water holding and CEC and the use of wetting
agents. Laboratory work investigating the effect of several factors influencing
capillary water uptake in columns of root media was also completed and
will be continued. A greenhouse experiment is underway testing the effect
of a clay product incorporated in peat media on the amount of nitrate leaching
from a 4 inch mum crop. Because of the total lack of information about
water absorbing gels we have also been collecting information about gels
and will do some testing in the coming year.
4) Root Media pH Management. Many greenhouse operations in the midwest
and other parts of the country use irrigation water with high alkalinity.
To negate the effect of water alkalinity, phosphoric, sulfuric, or nitric
acid are injected in the water. While this is a safe procedure if properly
managed, many growers do not like using the acid. Employee safety is a
concern. The use of acid probably increases the amount of nutrients in
runoff. There are other methods which could greatly reduce the use of acids,
The current.recommendations being made to the greenhouse industry are that
there is one alkalinity level that is right for every grower, This approach
is not the best, but research is needed to develop alternatives.
In research during the current year, we have studied the effects of
different types of lime, water alkalinity, and fertilizer acidity or alkalinity
(nitrogen form) effects on root media pH. The two experiments completed
to date have illustrated the effect of these factors over a 12 week geranium
crop. Continued work in this area could lead to important grower education
and management tool s. Research duri ng the comi ng year wi I 1 test water
and fert1izer effects in different media.
5) Water Sources, Water Quality and Water Treatment. This part of the
20fproject mainly will involve the collection of available information
concerning differences between municipal, well, surface and rain water;
definition of the contaminant, salinity, and alkalinity aspects of water
quality; and a review of water treatment methods. Some of this information
will be available from the water quality work done at Ohio State several
years ago. We have a project in progress this summer comparing seven different
water treatments or water qualities on the rooting of poinsettia cuttings
and subsequent growth after the pinch. This has helped us to develop a
better understanding of water quality and depending on the results of these
experiments we may do more work in this area.
In addition to the research completed, a significant amount of time
has been spent in each of the project areas on reviewing the literature
and collecting information useful to the greenhouse industry. Our intent
is to develop a strong knowledge base or foundation for any changes that
are recommended.
There has also been a substantial increase in grower requests for information
about groundwater and water management practices this year compared to
the previous two years. Grower education is a significant component of
our research. The time spent preparing and presenting information to growers
is significant. One copy of a collection of articles about water management
has been included with the proposal submitted for review. The collection
of articles was prepared for a half-day class on water management for Michigan
greenhouse growers. This is offered as an example of how a careful review
of available information can provide immediate help for growers. Included
in the collection of articles are four articles prepared by Dr. Biernbaum
for the September 1989 issue of Grower Talks magazine. This issue will
be the first ever feature water issue.
CURRENT ACTIVITY AND PROJECTED RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS - DR. HEINS
Investigations during the past year have addressed the areas described
in the 1988 proposal and investigations in the coming year will continue
in these areas. Investigations will concentrate on the effects of temperature
and light on plant growth. The underlying guideline directing this research
is a quantitatively approach to understanding how plants respond to temperature
and light. The program will have the following elements.
1 Investigations i nto the control of stem elongation by day and night
temperature. We have published information on how the relationship between
day and night temperature influences stem elongation, Briefly, stem elongation
in plants responds to the difference (DIF) between the day and night temperature.
As the day becomes progressively warmer than the night, stem elongation
increases. Conversely, as the day becomes progressively cooler than the
night, stem elongation decreases. This information has become a powerful
tool in the hands of growers attempting to control the height of lilies,
poinsettias, chrysanthemums, as well as many other bedding plant species,
Height control becomes easier while growth regulator costs decrease.
Research during the past year has further defined our understanding
of how plants respond to DIF. Experiments were conducted to determine 1)
how plants respond to warm and cool pulses of temperature during different
parts of the day and night, 2) how different photoperiods affect plant
response to DIF, 3) the effects of red and far red light on plant response
to DIF, and 4) how a wide range of plant species, especially bedding plants,
respond to DIF.
Research during the coming year will be based on the results of these
experiments, especially with respect to enhancement of a negative DIF reduction
in stem elongation with red light and length of photoperiod. With the increased
emphasis on post harvest life of plants in the market channel, we will
determine the effects, if any, of DIF on postharvest life of several flowering
potted plants including poinsettia and chrysanthemum. We have already determined
that a negative DIF has no effect on postharvest life of the Easter lily.
We will continue to maintain a close linkage between our research program
and commercial growers. This allows ideas to be rapidly tested under commercial
conditions.
2) Modeling the growth and development of poinsettia. We have had an
ongoing poinsettia research program for the past several years supported
in part by Paul Ecke Poinsettias. In this program, the response of the
poinsettia to temperature has been modeled. Primary emphasis have been
on flower initiation, stem elongation, and bract development. Many of our
concepts and management systems for implementing DIF have evolved from
this program. For example, absolute plant response to DIF depends on the
actual rate of stem elongation, Immediately after the pinch of a poinsettia
shoot, lateral shoot is slow. Growth rate then increases to some maximum
about four to five weeks after the pinch and then again slows as bracts
color and mature, A large negative or positive DIF either immediately after
pinch or near finish will have only a small impact on final plant height.
However, the DIF plants are exposed to during the period of maximum elongation
will have a major influence on final height. Research during the past year
quantified the growth rate of the poinsettia after pinch but prior to flower
initiation and quantitatively defined plant characteristics at the time
of flower initiation. A temperature based degree day model was developed
from this research which provides the information necessary for a grower
to reliability produce a poinsettia with desired plant characteristics
from crop to crop and year to year. Mr. Robert Berghage completed his Ph.D.
in this program. In addition to the leaf unfolding model, he developed
a model which predicts stem elongation under a wide range of environmental
condition.
Research during the coming year will center on further validation of
these models both in our research facilities and in commercial greenhouses.
A major goal will be to further define the optimal plant characteristics
at the time of flower initiation. This research will be conducted both
in our research facilities and in commercial greenhouses.
3) Modeling the growth and development of the Easter lily. The Easter
lily is one of the more difficult crops to grow due to the variability
in plant material within a year, between years, the variation in date of
Easter and the short marketing period for the crop. Our research program
has emphasized development of quantitative relationship between the growth
of the lily and temperature. The three areas emphasized are 1) the relationship
between DIF and stem elongation, 2) the relationship between temperature
and rate of leaf unfolding, and 3) the relationship between temperature
during the vernalization phase and flower initiation.
Research during the past year further quantified the response of the
Easter lily to temperature. Experiments were conducted to quantify 1) the
effectiveness of temperatures from -2.50C to 22.5′C and photoperiod in
promoting flower induction and 2) growth rates of plants developing from
different sized bulbs under common environmental conditions.
Research during the coming year will center on development of computerized
grower management tools. These programs/tools will assist growers by providing
suggested day and night temperatures to grow the lily crop based on current
developmental characteristics of the plant and desired final characteristics
of the plant.
4) Development of models of growth on other plants. Most of our research
has centered on three major crops, the poinsettia, the chrysanthemum and
the lily. Research during the past year expanded our modeling efforts to
other crops. Experiments were conducted on 1) African violet, 2) New Guinea
impatient, 3) Christmas cactus, 4) gerbera, 5) Boston fern, and 6) fuchsia.
Research during the coming year will center on African violet, Christmas
cactus, and Heimalis begonia.
5) Development of grower management tools. We believe it is very important
to develop management tools from the information generated in the research
we conduct. This is an ongoing process. Management tools developed or in
the process of development include:
a) Graphical tracking the height and rate of development of the Easter
lily. This management system has been published in the trade press and
is currently gaining wide acceptance with lily forcers. b) Graphical tracking
the height of chrysanthemum and poinsettia. This management system has
been published in the trade press and is currently gaining acceptance by
poinsettia growers.
c) A form of an “expert system” for use by lily forcers. This management
tool computerizes the graphical tracking information described above. Development
of this tool continues and will be tested in commercial greenhouses during
the 1989-90 lily forcing season, d) Graphical track poinsettia rate of
development prior to flower initiation by the of a temperature degree day
model. This model will be commercially tested on the 1989 poinsettia crop.
SUMMARY
Two main projects each with five specific project areas have been outlined.
The projects under the direction of John Biernbaum are to define the changes
in irrigation and fertilization practices that must be adopted if our industry
is to survive increasing environmental regulations and decreasing water
resources and will be in one of the following five areas: 1) Irrigation
and Fertilization Practices, 2) Plant Pathogens in Recirculated Solutions,
3) Root Media Water and Nutrient Efficiency, 4) Root Media pH Management,
and 5) Sources of Water and Water Quality, The projects under the direction
of Royal Heins involve research to increase our understanding of how temperature
and light can be used to regulate plant growth and be in one of these five
areas: 1) Control of stem elongation by day and night temperature, 2) Modeling
the growth and development of poinsettia, 3) Modeling the growth and development
of the Easter lilyg 4) Development of models of growth on other plants,
5) Development of grower management tools.
BUDGET
Our primary request is for moneys to support graduate student assistantships
and support their research. We believe in a strong graduate student program
as this trains our teachers And researchers of the future.
1989
REQUESTED $66,000 FUNDED $44,50020`
1990
4 Graduate assistantships @ $12,500 $50,000
Research support @ $5,000 / student /year $20,000
TOTAL REQUEST $70,000
1991 - 1993
The request remains the same but increased by the rate of inflation
to maintain the program at the same level in real terms. This budget assumes
5% but actual requests in future years may vary as assistantship and inflation
costs vary.
1991 - $73,500 1992 - $77,175 1993 - $81,000
APPENDIX
QUALIFICATIONS OF THE APPLICANTS
RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
R o y a 1 0. H e i n s
Personal
Date of
Birth: July 14, 1953
Marital
Status: Married, two children
Academic
Degrees
B.S. -
1975 - Colorado State University
Ph.D.
- 1978 - University of Minnesota
Professional
Experience
1988 -
Present - Professor, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University
1983 -
1988 - Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture,
Michigan State
University
1978 -
1983 - Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture,
Michigan State
University
1975
1978 Graduate Assistant, Department
of Horticulture and Landscape
Architecture, University of Minnesota
1971
1975 Undergraduate Research Assistant,
Plant Environmental Research
Center, Colorado State University
Academic
Responsibilities
Research
- 70%
Teaching
- 30%
Honors
and Awards
Phi Kappa
Phi, Phi Alpha Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Sigma Xi, The Kenneth Post Award,
ASHS,
1980
Professional
Organizations
American
Society for Horticultural Sciences, International Society of
Horticultural
Sciences, NCR 101 Controlled Environment Working Group
Current
Research Projects
1. Modeling
chrysanthemum, poinsettia, and Easter lily growth responses to
temperature and irradiance.
2. Determining
the dynamics of stem elongation in response to temperature.
3, Use
of day and night temperature to control stem elongation in greenhouse
crops.
J o h n A. B i e r n b a u m
RANK: Assistant
Professor
WORK ADDRESS:
HOME ADDRESS:
Horticulture
Department
2104 Robinson
A234 Plant
and Soil Science Bldg.
Lansing, MI 48910
Michigan
State University
East Lansing,
MI 48824
(517)394-2718
(517)353-7728
DATE OF
BIRTH: 4-3-57
MARITAL
STATUS: Married, two children
CURRENT
POSITION: Assistant Professor
Teaching
Research
DATE OF
APPOINTMENT: 8-1-85
ACADEMIC
DEGREES:
Ph.D.
Horticultural Science Michigan
State University
5-85
M.S.
Horticultural Science The
Pennsylvania State University
8-81
B.S.
Horticultural Science North
Carolina State University
6-79
PROFESSIONAL
EXPERIENCE:
Date
(Year) % of Time
Employer
Position Title
From
To Employed
1975
1979 25
NCSU Horticulture Department
Research Assistant
1979
1981 50
PSU Horticulture Department Grad
Research Asst.
1981
1984 50
MSU Horticulture Department
Grad Research Asst.
1985
Present 100
MSU Horticulture Department
Asst. Professor
PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERSHIPS:
American
Society for Hort Science
6;4712f1979
Sigma
Xi
1984
Pi Alpha
Xi
1978
Gamma
Sigma Delta
1979
ROYAL D, HEINS
GROWER ARTICLES IN
THE TRADE PRESS AND EXTENSION BULLETINS
3
Erwin, John, Royal
Heins, Robert Berghage, Meriam Karlsson, William Carlson,
and John Biernbaum.
1988. Why grow plants with warmer nights than days?
GrowerTalks 51(12)48-56.
Biernbaum, John A.,
William H. Carlson and Royal D. Heins. 1988.
Fertilization strategies
for bedding plants, American Vegetable Grower
36 ( 2) :58-64.
Kaczperski, Mark P.,
William H. Carlson, Royal D, Heins and John Biernbaum.
1988. Petunias designed
by cool days/warm nights. GrowerTalks 52(l):37-39.
Biernbaum, John A.,
William H. Carlson and Royal D. Heins. 1988. A Common
Sense Approach to
Prevent Ground Water Contamination. GrowerTalks 52(3)146-
153,
Heins, R,,, J. Erwin,
R. Berghage, M. Karlsson, J. Biernbaum, and W. Carlson.
1988. Use temperature
to control plant height, Greenhouse Grower 6(9):32-
37*
Biernbaum, John A.,
Renee George, Royal D. Heins and William H. Carlson,
1988, Subirrigation
with recirculated solutions. A better way to manage
water? GrowerTalks
52(4):79-94.
Berghage, R., R. Heins,
J. Erwin, W. Carlson, and J. Biernbaum. 1988.
Increase bract size
with temperature and light. Greenhouse Grower 6(10):
40, 43-44a
Berghage, R., R. Heins,
W, Carlson, J. Erwin, M. Karlsson and J. Biernbaum.
1988. Tips on pinching
poinsettias. Greenhouse Grower 6(8):14-15.
Biernbaum, John, William
Carlson, Candice Shoemaker, and Royal Heins. 1988.
Low pH causes iron
and manganese toxicity, Greenhouse Grower March:92-93,
96-97,
Heiden, Ralph W.,
Monica J. Schmidt, William H. Carlson, Royal D. Heins, and
John A. Biernbaum.
1988, Production of ground covers as bedding plants.
Cooperative Extension
Service, MSU, Extension Bulletin E-2127, Sept, (New).
Erwin, John and Royal
Heins. 1988. New concepts on how day and night
temperatures affect
plant growth, PPGA News, Vol. XIX, No. 11.
Erwin, John E., Royal
D. Heins, Robert Berghage, Brian J. Kovanda, William
H. Carlson and John
Biernbaum. 1989. Cool mornings can control plant height.
GrowerTalks 52(9):73-74.
Biernbaum, John A.,
William H. Carlson and Royal D. Heins.
1989. The
groundwater challenge.
Michigan Florist Jan/Feb issue, pg.18.
Heiden, Ralph W., William
H. Carlson, Royal D. Heins, John A. Biernbaum,
4
and Lowell Ewart,
1989. Producing Vegetable Transplants as Bedding Plants.
Cooperative Extension
Service, MSU, Extension Bulletin E-21481 Feb. 1989 (new).
Hausbeck, Mary, Christine
Stephens and Royal Heins, 1989. Choose resistant
cultivars. Greenhouse
Grower 7(6).
Erwin, John, Royal
Heins, Robert Berghage and William Carlson. 1989. How
can temperatures be
used to control plant stem elongation? Minnesota State
Florists Bulletin,
38(3) June.
Biernbaum, John A.,
William H. Carlson and Royal 0. Heins, 1989. Managing
the greenhouse, protecting
the environment. SAF July.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
Karlsson, M.G., R,D.
Heins, and J,E. Erwin. 1988. Quantifying temperature
controlled leaf unfolding
rates in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’.
J. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 113(1):7o-T4@;36;36q,
Karlsson, M.G., M.P.
Pritts, and R.D. Heins. 1988. Path analysis of growth
and development in
chrysanthemum. HortScience 23(2):372-375.
Hausbeck, Mary, Christine
Stephens, and Royal Heins. 1988. Control of disease
caused by Pythiurn
ultimurrt in seect pr-cimgated geraniums rpraved nr nnf
.r. J .. @. .@ .
sprayed witE silver
thiosulphate. Plant Disease 72:764-768.
Holcomb, E. Jay, J.A.
Flore and R.D. Heins, 1988, Photosynthetic response
curves for chrysanthemum
grown at different PPF levels, HortScience
23(l):206-208.
Erwin, J.E., R.D. Heins,
and M.G. Karlsson. 1989. Thermomorphogenesis in
Lilium longiflorum.
Am. J. Bot. 76:47-52.
Karlsson, Meriam G.,
Royal D. Heins, John E. Erwin, Robert 0. Berghage,
William H. Carlson,
and John A, Biernbaum. 1989. Temperature and photo-
synthetic photon flux
influence chrysanthemum shoot development and flower
initiation under short-day
conditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114(l):
158-163,
Karlsson, M,G,, and
R,D, Heins, 1989, Rate of development during four phases
of chrysanthemum growth
as affected by preceding and prevailing temperatures.
J. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 114(3):XXX-XXX.
Karlsson, M.G., R.D.
Heins, W.H. Carlson, and J.A. Biernbaum. 1989.
Irradiance and temperature
effects on time of development and flower size in
Cchrysanthemum.
Scientia Hortic. (a-ccepted4o”ub44-c-a-tion), 17′ 2@@?- 2-4r2
Berghage, Robert D.,
Royal D, Heins, Meriam Karlsson, John Erwin, and William
Carlson. 1989. Pinching
technique influences lateral shoot development in
poinsettia. J. Amer.
Soc. Hort. Sci. (accepted for publication).
Erwin, J.E., R.D. Heins,
M.G, Karlsson, W.H. Carlson, and J.A. Biernbaum,
5
1989, The influence
of day and night temperature on Easter lily development
from the visible bud
stage until flower. HortScience (in review).
Hausbeck, Mark K.,
Royal 0. Heins, and Christine T. Stephens. 1989. The effect
of fungicide drenching
schedules on size and flowering of seed-propagated
geraniums, HortScience
(In review).
ABSTRACTS OF PRESENTATIONS
AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
Berghage, R.D. and
R.D. Heins. 1988. Plant developmental stage influences
temperature-induced
stem elongation, HortScience 23(3).
Erwin, J.E. and R.D.
Heins. 1988. Effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations
on stem elongation
circadian rhythms. HortScience 23(3).
Erwin, J.E. and R.D.
Heins, 1988, Thermomorphogenic stem elongation
responses in plants.
HortScience 23(3),
Karlsson, M.G., ;5288;392;148sR.D.
Heins, J,E, Erwin and R.D. Berghage. 1988. Biomass
allocation patterns
in chrysanthemum. HortScience 23(3).
Lange, Nathan E. and
R.D. Heins. 1988. Interaction of photoperiod and
temperature in promoting
flowering of Lilium longiflorum. HortScience
23(3),
Berghage, R.D. and
R.D. Heins. 1989. Prediction and control of poinsettia
development from pinching
to flower initiation. HortScience
Erwin, J.E. and R.D.
Heins. 1989. Effects of temperature on Sclumbergera
truncata flower initiation.
HortScience
Erwin, John E. and
Royal D, Heins, 1989. Effects of temperature and
photoperiod on Fuchsia
x hybrida. HortScience
Lange, Nathan E. and
Royal D. Heins. 1989,.Relationship between temperature
and flower induction
in Lilium longiflorum. HortScience
Robinson, Jack and
Royal D. Heins. 1989. Modeling leaf unfolding and
flower development
in Saintpaulia ionantha cv. Utah, HortScience
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
TO INDUSTRY GROUPS
6
August 16, 1988
Floriculture & Wood Orna.
A New P
y
erspective on Tempera-
mental Days at MSU
ture Control of Height & Rate
East Lansing, MI
of Development in Bedding &
Pot Plants
September 13,
1988 Westbrook Greenhouse
Modeling Growth of Green-
Ontario
house Crops with Temperature
and Light
October 21,
1988 Nebraska/Iowa Greenhouse
Lilies and Bulb Crops
Meeting, Omaha, NE
October 22,
1988 Nebraska/Iowa Greenhouse
All About Poinsettias
Meeting, Omaha, NE
July 25, 1989
Fifth Annual Floriculture and Principles
of Poinsettia
Woody Ornamental Days at MSU Production
East Lansing, MI
JOHN A. BIERNBAUM
GROWER ARTICLES IN THE TRADE
PRESS AND EXTENSION BULLETINS
Heiden. Ralnh W__ Mnnira
J 4@ rh mi eff Willimm W
D @.. .’1 n
‘A”‘v”‘ ‘Oul 1″119 rwyal D, nelflb, dnU John
;364;108saum. iiH-’.”P”‘d”t’@ o
0
A. Biernb
ro uc i n
co ers as bedding plants. Cooperative
Extension Service, MSU,
Extension Bulletin E-2127, Sept. (New).
Biernbaum, J.A., W.H. Carlson
and R,D, Heins, 1988. A common sense approach to
prevent ground water contamination.
GrowerTalks 52(3):146-153.
Biernbaum, John A., Renee
George, Royal 0, Heins and William H. Carlson,
1988
Subirrigation with recirculated
solutions, A better
way to manage water;
GrowerTalks 52(4):79-94.
Biernbaum, J.
1988. Alternative irrigation methods.
Interior Landscape
Industry 5(4):40-49.
Heins, R., J. Erwin, R.
Berghage, M. Karlsson, J. Biernbaum and W, Carlson,
1988. Use temperature to
control plant height. Greenhouse Grower 6(9):32-37.
Kaczperski, Mark P., William
H, Carlson, Royal D, Heins and John Biernbaum.
1988, Petunias designed
by cool days/warm nights, Growerl’alks 52(l):37-39.
Erwin,, John E,, Royal D.
Heins, Robert Berghage, Brian J, Kovanda, William H.
Carlson and John Biernbaum.
1989. Cool mornings can control plant height,
GrowerTalks 52(9).
Biernbaum,
John A,, William H, Carlson
and Royal D. Heins. 1989.
The
groundwater challenge.
Michigan Florist Jan/Feb 1989,
Biernbaum, J,A, and
C. Peterson. 1989, The groundwater challenge. Michigan
Association of Nurserymen
Newsletter. Feb. 1989.
Biernbaum, J.A. and
W. Fonteno. 1989. Minimize Groundwater contamination.
Greenhouse Grower
7(2):90-95.
Biernbaum, J.A., M.
Yelanich, R. Heins and W. Carlson, 1989. Irrigation and
fertilization go hand
and hand, Grower Talks (September).
Biernbaum, J.A., R,
Heins and W, Carlson. 1989. Keeping water and fertilizer
in the root zone.
Grower Talks (September).
Biernbaum, J.A.’ R.
Heins and W. Carlson, 1989, Is the water warm? Grower Talks
(September).
George, R., J. 44sBiernbaum
and R, Heins. 1989. Pathogen control with recirculated
water. Grower Talks
(September).
Biernbaum, J.A.’ W.H.
Carlson and R.D. Heins. 1989. Managing the greenhouse,
Protecting the environment.
SAF Magazine 6(4):21-24.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
Biernbaum, J.A., R.L.
Houtz and S.K. Ries. 1988. Field studies with crops
treated with colloidally
dispersed triacontanol, Journal of Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci. 113(5):679-684.
Karlsson, Meriam G,,
Royal 0, Heins, John E. Erwin, Robert D. Berghage, William
H, Carlson and John
A. Biernbaum. 1989. Temperature and photosynthetic photon
flux influence chrysanthemum
shoot development and flower initiation under short-
day conditions. J.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114(l):158-163.
Karlsson, M.G., R.D.
Heins, W.H. Carlson and J.A. Biernbaum. 1989.
sIrradiance
and temperature effects
on time of development and flower size in chrysanthemum.
Scientia Hortic. (accepted
for publication),
George, R. and J.A.
Biernbaum. 1989. Potential for transfer of Pythium ultimum
in production of seedling
geraniums with subirrigation and recirculated solutions.
ISHS Symposium on
Bedding and Pot Plant Culture. April. Acta Horticulturae
(to be published).
Yelanich, M, and J.A.
Biernbaum. 1989. Effect of fertilizer concentration and
method of application
on media nutrient content, nitrogen runoff and growth of
Euphorbia pulcherima
V-14 Glory, ISHS Symposium on Bedding and Pot Plant Culture.
April, Act5
(to be published),
Biernbaum, J.A. 1988, Evaluation
of subirrigation systems for interior plants,
HortScience 23(3) :752*
George, R. and J.A. Biernbaum.
1988. Water use and growth of poinsettia and
Easter lily with top watering
versus subirrigation with recirculated solutions.
HortScience 23(3):779.
Yelanich, M.V. and John
A. Biernbaum. 1988. Fertilization and irrigation of
bedding plants with subirrigation
and recirculated water. HortScience 23(3):782.
George, R. and J,A. Biernbaum.
1989, Potential for transfer of Pvthium ultimum
in production of seedling
geraniums with subirrigation and recirculated solutions,
ISHS Symposium on Bedding
and_Pot Plant Culture, April 1989,
Yelanich, M, and J.A. Biernbaum.
1989. Effect of fertilizer concentration and
method of application on
media nutrient content, nitrogen runoff and growth
of Euphorbia pulcherima
V-14 Glory, ISHS Symposium on Bedding and Pot Plant
Culture. April 1989,
ORAL PRESENTATIONS TO INDUSTRY
GROUPS
8/17/88 Protecting
the Environment MSU Floriculture and Woody
75
(1/2 day seminar for the Ornamental
Days
landscape and greenhouse
industries)
10/7/88 Groundwater
Protection and BPI Annual Conference
200+
Subirrigation
San Antonio, Texas
10/26/88 Groundwater
Protection and Detroit Flower Growers
100+
Subirrigation
Detroit, MI
11/22/88 Groundwater.Protection
and Western Michigan Greenhouse
50+
Subirrigation
Growers Conference
1/8/89
Groundwater Protection and Grower 912;524;176sExpo
95
Subirrigation
Pheasant Run, ILL
2/1/89
Groundwater Protection and Detroit Metro
Flower Growers 40+
Subirrigation
Workshop
Detroit, MI
6/28/89 Root
Zone Systems for the 1989 Seeley Conference
60+
21st Century
Cornell University
7/10/89 Ebb
and Flow Irrigation Ohio
State Short Course
300+
Systems
Columbus, Ohio
7/25/89 Water
Management for Green- MSU Floriculture and Woody
30
house Production
Ornamental Days
7/26/89 Pesticide
Certification for MSU Floriculture and Woody
10
the Interior Landscape
Ornamental Days
Industry
